Utilization of sol-gel poly(tetrahydrofuran) coated foams for the in-syringe solid-phase extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from human urine
Article
Manousi, N, Tsiasioti, A, Kabir, A et al. (2025). Utilization of sol-gel poly(tetrahydrofuran) coated foams for the in-syringe solid-phase extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from human urine
. MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL, 219 10.1016/j.microc.2025.116147
Manousi, N, Tsiasioti, A, Kabir, A et al. (2025). Utilization of sol-gel poly(tetrahydrofuran) coated foams for the in-syringe solid-phase extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from human urine
. MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL, 219 10.1016/j.microc.2025.116147
In the proposed study, a rapid and simple foam-in-syringe solid-phase extraction (FIS-SPE) protocol was developed for the extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) from human urine samples. The selected NSAIDs (i.e., diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen) were determined using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection. The FIS-SPE device was fabricated by immobilizing a sol-gel poly(tetrahydrofuran) coated foam at the bottom of a polypropylene syringe. The main parameters of the FIS-SPE protocol were optimized for the efficient extraction of the analytes. The proposed method was validated in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision. The limits of detection were between 0.008 and 0.05 μg mL−1. The relative recoveries were 92.3–112.5 % for intra-day accuracy and 94.6–108.2 % for inter-day accuracy, and the RSDs were better than 14.1 %. The stability of the NSAIDs in urine samples was also investigated. The practical applicability, greenness, performance, and innovation of the method were examined using blue applicability grade index, complementary modified green analytical procedure index, red analytical performance index, and violet innovation grade index metric tools, respectively. The proposed FIS-SPE protocol was successfully applied for the analysis of a real human urine sample from a volunteer who was under regular medication with ibuprofen.
