Marginalized and medically underserved minority populations experience higher than average rates of illness, impairment, and death. These health and longevity disadvantages are referred to as health disparities, which are a function of social injustices. While the health risks and health problems experienced by minority individuals may be modifiable through conventional health psychology practices, the long-term elimination of health disparities is dependent on social change. Key conceptualizations for health disparities include contextual exposures, a life-course approach, and the consequences of discrimination, intersectionality, and residential segregation. Several historical and current examples illustrate the complex realities facing marginalized communities and serve as a call to action for health psychology scholars.