Exchanges in energy, mass, and momentum between the atmosphere and land are governed by several important factors, such as turbulent and molecular motions in the atmosphere, surface soil hydrological processes, and the behavior of the continental biosphere. Hence, the land surface is the layer including the lower part of the atmospheric boundary layer, the top few meters of the soil, the continental biosphere, and surface water bodies (Niyogi, 2019). Soil top-surface processes have a significant impact on land surface processes and can be considered one of the main features of Earth surface processes and the development of different landforms.
