Covalently networked films of nanoparticles can be assembled on various substrates from functionalized monolayer-protected clusters (MPCs) via ester coupling reactions. Exposure of a specifically modified substrate to alternating solutions of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid exchanged and 11-mercaptoundecanol exchanged MPCs, in the presence of ester coupling reagents, 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, results in the formation of a multilayer film with ester bridges between individual nanoparticles. These films can be grown in a controlled manner to various thicknesses and exhibit certain properties that are consistent with films having other types of interparticle connectivity, including chemical vapor response behavior and quantized double layer charging. Ester coupling of MPCs into assembled films is a straightforward and highly versatile approach that results in robust films that can endure harsher chemical environments than other types of films. The stability of these covalent films is assessed and compared to other more traditional MPC film assemblies.
