A technique is presented for the design of a DC-DC converter to be used in miniaturized products of the type used in hybrid microelectronic systems for implantable medical devices such as defibrillators and advanced pacemakers. The technique is based on general formulation and solution of the governing electromagnetic field equations utilizing variational methods. The technique is applicable for both low-frequency and high-frequency designs, and is powerful in handling nonlinear magnetic materials.
