Buildings and infrastructure are vulnerable to environmental hazards and long-term changes, requiring decision-makers to plan for future conditions characterized by nonstationarity and deep uncertainty. Traditional planning approaches based on stationarity are inadequate when models, probabilities, or outcomes evolve over time. Nonstationarity implies that key hazard statistics change over time, rendering traditional concepts-such as fixed return periods and risks-untenable. The spectrum of uncertainty includes cases of deep uncertainty, where there is little or no knowledge about future probabilities. Decision making under deep uncertainty (DMDU) shifts the focus from relying on single forecasts to developing robust, adaptive strategies that perform well across a range of plausible futures. Integrating DMDU principles into future infrastructure standards is essential to address dynamic conditions and enhance resilience.
